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The Blackbird family of aircraft cruised at speeds of more than Mach 3 and flew over 85,000 feet (25,500 m) in altitude. Conceived in the 1950s, Blackbirds remain the fastest and highest flying air-breathing production aircraft ever built.
In 1956, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began looking for a replacement for the aging U-2 spyplane. Lockheed’s chief engineer, Kelly Johnson, and his team were already working on designs to replace the U-2. In 1958, they presented preliminary designs to the CIA for a Mach 3+ reconnaissance aircraft. By 1959, both Lockheed and Convair were competing for a contract for the CIA's next spyplane.
By August of 1959, Lockheed had submitted 12 designs and was determined the winner of the competition. The resulting aircraft, called the A-12 (for the twelfth Lockheed design), was ordered by the Central Intelligence Agency. Most of the aircraft were built in single-seat configurations, but two were built as two-seaters for potential use as drone launchers. The A-12 pioneered the use of large titanium structures, composite materials, and low radar-cross-section technology. Its construction required advances in design methods, fabrication techniques, and fuels. The prototype first flew in April 1962.
The Blackbird, as it was unofficially called, looked and performed far ahead of its time. The CIA operated the A-12 on clandestine missions through 1968. The A-12 spawned the USAF YF-12A interceptor program, which was eventually canceled. The most famous Blackbird variant, the SR-71, was developed for the USAF and flew frontline reconnaissance missions until 1990. Three SR-71s continued their careers into the late 1990s as NASA research testbeds. Although several Blackbirds were lost in accidents, none were ever shot down.
Key to the performance of the Blackbird was the Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet and its advanced inlet design. Turbojet engines cannot function consuming air at supersonic speeds, so the inlet incorporates a spike assembly that translates fore and aft as a function of Mach number, to decelerate the incoming air to a suitable subsonic speed at the compressor face. The pressure recovery of this inlet air contributed almost two-thirds of the total net thrust at Mach 3 cruise conditions.
The Museum's aircraft is an M-21, the first of the rare two-seat variants of the early A-12. Built for a CIA program code-named "Tagboard," it carried an unpiloted D-21 drone for intelligence gathering. These drones were intended for launch from the M-21 "mothership" for flights over hostile territories. Design features of the M-21 include the second seat for the Launch Control Officer and the launch pylon on which the drone is mounted. Two M-21 airframes were manufactured; the second was lost in a D-21 launch accident in 1966.
The Museum's M-21 first flew in 1964 and is the sole surviving example of its type. It was acquired in 1991 and, with its mounted D-21 drone, is the centerpiece aircraft of the Great Gallery.
This aircraft is on loan from the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
The Blackbird family of aircraft cruised at speeds of more than Mach 3 and flew over 85,000 feet (25,500 m) in altitude. Conceived in the 1950s, Blackbirds remain the fastest and highest flying air-breathing production aircraft ever built.
In 1956, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began looking for a replacement for the aging U-2 spyplane. Lockheed’s chief engineer, Kelly Johnson, and his team were already working on designs to replace the U-2. In 1958, they presented preliminary designs to the CIA for a Mach 3+ reconnaissance aircraft. By 1959, both Lockheed and Convair were competing for a contract for the CIA's next spyplane.
By August of 1959, Lockheed had submitted 12 designs and was determined the winner of the competition. The resulting aircraft, called the A-12 (for the twelfth Lockheed design), was ordered by the Central Intelligence Agency. Most of the aircraft were built in single-seat configurations, but two were built as two-seaters for potential use as drone launchers. The A-12 pioneered the use of large titanium structures, composite materials, and low radar-cross-section technology. Its construction required advances in design methods, fabrication techniques, and fuels. The prototype first flew in April 1962.
The Blackbird, as it was unofficially called, looked and performed far ahead of its time. The CIA operated the A-12 on clandestine missions through 1968. The A-12 spawned the USAF YF-12A interceptor program, which was eventually canceled. The most famous Blackbird variant, the SR-71, was developed for the USAF and flew frontline reconnaissance missions until 1990. Three SR-71s continued their careers into the late 1990s as NASA research testbeds. Although several Blackbirds were lost in accidents, none were ever shot down.
Key to the performance of the Blackbird was the Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet and its advanced inlet design. Turbojet engines cannot function consuming air at supersonic speeds, so the inlet incorporates a spike assembly that translates fore and aft as a function of Mach number, to decelerate the incoming air to a suitable subsonic speed at the compressor face. The pressure recovery of this inlet air contributed almost two-thirds of the total net thrust at Mach 3 cruise conditions.
The Museum's aircraft is an M-21, the first of the rare two-seat variants of the early A-12. Built for a CIA program code-named "Tagboard," it carried an unpiloted D-21 drone for intelligence gathering. These drones were intended for launch from the M-21 "mothership" for flights over hostile territories. Design features of the M-21 include the second seat for the Launch Control Officer and the launch pylon on which the drone is mounted. Two M-21 airframes were manufactured; the second was lost in a D-21 launch accident in 1966.
The Museum's M-21 first flew in 1964 and is the sole surviving example of its type. It was acquired in 1991 and, with its mounted D-21 drone, is the centerpiece aircraft of the Great Gallery.
This aircraft is on loan from the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
The D-21 drone was an unpiloted aircraft originally designed for CIA and Air Force surveillance...
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